Macbeth Summary

'Macbeth' Summary William Shakespeare’s Macbeth happens in Scotland in the eleventh century AD, and it recounts to the tale of Macbeth, thane of Glamis, and of his aspiration to become lord. This Shakespearian disaster is approximately founded on authentic sources, in particular Holinshed’s Chronicles, and there is recorded documentation on a few characters, including Macbeth, Duncan, and Malcolm. It’s indistinct whether the character of Banquo truly existed. While the Chronicles delineate him as an associate to Macbeth’s dangerous activities, Shakespeare depicts him as a guiltless character. By and large, Macbeth isn't known for its authentic exactness, however for the depiction of the impacts of visually impaired aspiration in individuals. Act I Scottish officers Macbeth and Banquo have quite recently vanquished the associated powers of Norway and Ireland, which were driven by the traitorous Macdonwald. As Macbeth and Banquo meander onto a heath, they are welcomed by the Three Witches, who offer them predictions. Banquo challenges them first, so they address Macbeth: they hail him as Thane of Glamis,† his present title and afterward Thane of Cawdor, including that he will likewise be top dog. Banquo then asks of his own fortunes, the witches react cryptically, saying that he will be not as much as Macbeth, yet more joyful, less fruitful, yet more. Above all, they disclose to him that he will father a line of rulers, however he himself won't be one. The witches evaporate before long, and the two men wonder at these declarations. At that point, notwithstanding, another thane, Ross, shows up and illuminates Macbeth that he has been offered the title of Thane of Cawdor. This implies that the primary prediction is satisfied, and Macbeth’s beginning wariness transforms into desire. Ruler Duncan invites and acclaims Macbeth and Banquo, and announces that he will go through the night at Macbeths mansion at Inverness; he additionally names his child Malcolm as his beneficiary. Macbeth communicates something specific ahead to his better half, Lady Macbeth, educating her regarding the witches predictions. Woman Macbeth immovably wants for her significant other to kill the ruler so he can usurp the seat, to the point that she answers his complaints by throwing questions on his masculinity. In the long run, she figures out how to persuade him to slaughter the ruler that equivalent night. The two get Duncans two chamberlains alcoholic with the goal that the following morning they can without much of a stretch reprimand the chamberlains for the murder.â â  Act II Still tormented by questions and by mental trips, including a ridiculous knife, Macbeth cuts King Duncan in his rest. He is vexed to the point that Lady Macbeth needs to assume responsibility, and casings Duncans resting workers for the homicide by putting wicked blades on them. The next morning, Lennox, a Scottish aristocrat, and Macduff, the unwavering Thane of Fife, show up at Inverness, and Macduff is the person who finds Duncans body. Macbeth kills the watchmen so they can't affirm their honesty, yet guarantees he did as such furiously over their offenses. Duncans children Malcolm and Donalbain escape to England and Ireland, separately, dreading they may be targets as well, yet their flight outlines them as suspects. As a result, Macbeth accept the seat as the new King of Scotland as a brother of the dead lord. On this event, Banquo reviews the witches prediction about how his own relatives would acquire the seat. This makes him dubious of Macbeth.â Act III In the mean time Macbeth, who recollects the prescience concerning Banquo, stays uncomfortable, so he welcomes him to a regal dinner, where he finds that Banquo and his young child, Fleance, will brave that night. Associating Banquo with being dubious of him, Macbeth organizes to have him and Fleance killed by employing professional killers, who prevail with regards to murdering Banquo, however not Fleance. This incenses Macbeth, as he fears that his capacity won’t be protected up to a beneficiary of Banquo lives. At a feast, Macbeth is visited by Banquos phantom who sits in Macbeths place. Macbeth’s response frightens the visitors, as the apparition is just noticeable to him: they see their lord freezing at an unfilled seat. Woman Macbeth needs to disclose to them that her better half is only beset with a recognizable and innocuous ailment. The phantom leaves and returns again, causing the equivalent crazy resentment and dread in Macbeth. This time, Lady Macbeth advi ses the rulers to leave, and they do so.â Act IV Macbeth pays visits to the witches again so as to become familiar with reality of their predictions to him. Because of that, they summon unpleasant ghosts: a protected head, which instructs him to be careful with Macduff;â a wicked youngster revealing to him that nobody conceived of a lady will have the option to hurt him; next, a delegated kid holding a tree expressing that Macbeth will be sheltered until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. Since all men are conceived from ladies and timberlands can't move, Macbeth is at first diminished. Macbeth additionally asks whether Banquos children will ever reign in Scotland. The witches invoke a parade of eight delegated rulers, all comparative in appearance to Banquo, the last one conveying a mirror reflecting much more lords: they are all Banquos relatives having procured majesty in various nations. After the witches leave, Macbeth discovers that Macduff has fled to England, thus Macbeth orders Macduffs palace be seized, and furthermore sends killers to butcher Macduff and his family. In spite of the fact that Macduff is no longer there, Lady Macduff and his family are murderedâ â Act Vâ Woman Macbeth becomes overwhelmed with blame for the violations she and her better half dedicated. She has taken to sleepwalking, and in the wake of entering the stage holding a flame, she regrets the killings of Duncan, Banquo, and Lady Macduff, while likewise attempting to wash off fanciful bloodstains from her mind. In England, Macduff learns of the butchering of his own family, and, stricken with despondency, pledges vengeance. Along with Prince Malcolm, Duncans child, who brought a military up in England, he rides to Scotland to challenge Macbeths powers against Dunsinane Castle. While stayed in Birnam Wood, the warriors are requested to chop down and convey tree appendages to disguise their numbers. Some portion of the witches’ prediction comes true. Before Macbeths adversaries show up, he discovers that Lady Macbeth has murdered herself, making him surrender to sadness. He in the end faces Macduff, at first unafraid, since he can't be slaughtered by any man conceived of lady. Macduff announces that he was from his moms belly/Untimely rippd (V 8.15â€16). The subsequent prediction is consequently satisfied, and Macbeth is in the long run slaughtered and decapitated by Macduff. The request is reestablished and Malcolm is delegated King of Scotland. With respect to the Witches’ prescience concerning Banquo’s relatives, it is valid in that James I of England, already James VI of Scotland, slipped from Banquo.

Advertising as a Way of Marketing

Promoting as a Way of Marketing Different people, organizations and associations depend vigorously on publicizing as a method of showcasing their items and administrations. The method of correspondence utilized by publicizing firms decides if the objective client finds such items or administrations engaging, or not.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Advertising as a Way of Marketing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the regularly utilized media for promoting incorporate online advertisements, papers advertisements, TV and radio advertisements, and announcements, among others. Expanded rivalry in the business, changes in innovation, and the irregular changes in customer request and inclinations has seen showcasing officials resort to the utilization of advertisements that have been structured in such a way as to speak to purchasers. Organizations and people showcasing their items and administrations needs to persuaded imminent customers to buy their items and//or admini strations and not those of contenders. It is significant in this way to guarantee that the message used to publicize such items or administrations is speaking to the purchasers. For instance, organizations selling style and innovation based items needs to publicize such items in an engaging manner so as to ‘entice’ clients to purchase your items, particularly the adolescents. Advanced engaging adverts are intended to speak to the brains of shoppers. A portion of the types of offer at present utilized by organizations incorporate passionate intrigue, sex request, brand claim, ladylike and manly interests, support offers, sentiment advances, and sane intrigue, among others (Ambekar 2009). The exposition features a few types of advertisements from online sources as a method of looking at the methodologies utilized by promoting organizations so as to draw in customers to buy a specific brand. One of the usually utilized promoting stages in advanced publicizing is the online networking which has now become a commonly recognized name. For example, advertisers are currently utilizing Facebook and Twitter as a methods for connecting with their planned clients. This new method of promoting has the ability to draw in individuals as they can see the adverts anyplace, whenever. As per Admedia Solutions Ltd (2012) firms and business associations are changing to web based promoting as it is all the more engaging, trendier and accommodative contrasted and the customary methods of publicizing, for example, the utilization of magazines or papers. Evil Laser is a genuine case of internet promoting utilizing online networking. The online advert reads,† World’s Most Powerful Handheld Laser. Win FREE S3 Arctic Laser!† (Honigman 2011). The advert showed up on an online stage posted on a Facebook divider. It contains parts that empower clients to follow the promotion and all the while, purchase the item. To start with, the substance utilized in the ad vert is one of a kind. Furthermore, a brand claim is utilized to convince clients to purchase the item (Lamb, Hair McDaniel 267).Advertising Looking for article on promoting? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brand claim for the most part connects an item with a specific item execution (Ambekar 2009). For example, from the advert over, the content, â€Å"Most Powerful Handheld Laser†, shows that it is an item with a worldwide notoriety that has been being used for quite a while (Honigman 2011). Subsequently, clients are pulled in to this item to the degree of needing to be related with a world class item. Other than brand claim and the substance utilized, the content â€Å"Win FREE S3 Arctic Laser† likewise goes about as a type of advancement. This implies when the client buys a fiendish laser, he/she is guaranteed of additionally getting a S3 Arctic Laser. This is a type of allurement that causes the client to need to spend his/her cash on such an item in the desire for winning the additional blessing related with it. The advert examined above showed up on a Facebook divider page. Web based life systems goes about as a stage for purchasers to uninhibitedly talk about different items and administrations. It permits clients to share various perspectives, feelings, recognition, and mentalities with respect to an item before they can buy it. On the off chance that a client peruses a positive criticism with respect to a given item, he/she can without much of a stretch purchase the item paying little heed to the cost. Other than the literary substance of the item, promoters likewise use illustrations to pull in clients. Individuals are pulled in to a given item by the pictorial or graphical intrigue as it typically catches their eyes. The picture embedded in their brains has the ability to trigger a mental need in a shopper to represents the item, to become related with the item, or to get it. The idea that underlies the item is depicted to the objective clients using illustrations. The picture made by an advert frames a connection between the item and the client (Lamb, Hair McDaniel 267-269). At the point when literary substance and graphical substance are incorporated, it gets simpler to drive the message home, rather than the utilization of words or designs alone. For instance, an advert focusing on the pharmaceutical business with the accompanying printed content â€Å"Finally, a bundling arrangement that makes sense†, a graphical portrayal and brief clarification (Ad Excellence 2008), is a case of an advert that consolidates both the content and designs. In this advert, the advertiser utilizes writings and illustrations to drive the message home. The illustrations are structured so as to speak to the eyes of the customer. The literary and the substance claim typically draw in the client as the content justifies itself. Then again, the designs is appealing to t he eyes of the buyer, and it makes an effect in the psyche of a consumer.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Advertising as a Way of Marketing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More thus, a purchaser is better ready to settle on the choice to purchase the item. Consequently, the adverts leave a positive picture in the brains of customers so that in future, they are bound to buy such items (Ambekar 2009). The depicted messages and designs create the interest for the items. The two models gave above depict individual intrigue as in they are intended to recreate such passionate intrigue as confidence and solace (Ambekar 2009). For example, the laser adverts confers confidence to the customer since it depicts the picture of a world class items. Then again, the pharmaceutical advert guarantees the client that his/her wellbeing is shielded and this may animate happiness, confidence solace, and security. Taking everything into account, we have to take note of that notices are planned so as to leave a positive picture in the psyches of the purchasers. Therefore, the customer may consider it important to relate him/herself with the item or administration being referred to. Through brand advance, advertisers can connect a specific brand with a specific gathering in the general public. This upgrades the ability of a client to purchase a specific item. The blend of content and designs has the ability to draw out the planned message, advance, and thought to the client. Pictures bid to the eyes of the clients and simultaneously, inserts an image in their psyche. This triggers them to purchase or not to purchase that specific item. In conclusion, the utilization of internet based life in commercial permits clients to interface with the item. It likewise permits them to trade thoughts and mentalities with respect to a given item. Promotion Excellence. â€Å"Pharmaceutical Ad†. 2008. Web. Promotion Media Solutions Ltd. â€Å"Magazine Adve rtising†. 2012. Web. Ambekar, Ashwini. Various Types of Advertising Appeals. 2009. Web.Advertising Searching for paper on promoting? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Honigman, Brian. â€Å"What makes an effective Facebook Ads campaign?† 2011. Web. Sheep, Charles W, Joseph F. Hair, and Carl D. McDaniel.Mktg5: Student Edition. Bricklayer, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

To Those with Dreams Deferred

To Those with Dreams Deferred My freshman spring, I had planned to put up this post about pi day, but for a Set of Inexplicable Reasons it did not go up in time and has been sitting in my drafts box since. However, I still believe, fervently, in spreading the message that Many Things Are Arbitrary. For one thing (and this might make a lot of people mad), whether you are an INTJ or an Aquarius or Year of the Horse is Not Important and you dont need to base your life plans or self worth on it. For another thing, whether you end up being a student at X or Y school is also something you cant entirely control, and you shouldnt base your self worth on that either. Dont let people tell you what you can or cant do because of arbitrary factors, but most importantly, dont let yourself get in the way of your own ambitions, because thats what usually happens. I know a lot of people were made happy and excited on EA day, and a lot of people were significantly less so. Hopefully, these words from 2015 Selam can remind you that sometimes we get caught up in things that dont actually mean as much as we think they do, and the world still turns and the sun still shines, and maybe we can benefit from focusing on that instead. 03/14/2015 So I just (literally six minutes ago) got back from being a research participant at a hospital, which, to make a long story short, was like being on a 16 hour transcontinental flight, except they wake you up every hour and ask you to spit into a tube and run some tests. Upon our first few minutes seeing a window to the outside world, one of the scientists wished us a happy pi day, and I realized that today was the day, and in t minus 30 minutes many of you will be receiving decisions. But you know what? It’s not actually pi day. I know everyone was all excited because today was the One And Only 03/14/15, which is 3.1415. But its only like that on the Gregorian calendar, after all. On the Ethiopian Calendar today is the 5th day of Mekawit, 2007. On the lunar calendar, today is analagous to January 24th, the 24th day of the first month. You know what else? Pi isn’t really 3.1415926.either. We just happened to choose that set of what we call Arabic numerals to denote our mathematical system. We could have chosen something else entirelyand who knows? Maybe through it we would have found different rules and laws by this point today, and proven other theories, and numbers like pi would not have been discovered yet. After all, mathematics is not inherently tied to the workings of the world, but rather, it is simply a language with which we interpret the world and utilize as a tool (you’re all probably starting to simmer with hatred for me now, but hear me out). Okay, I’ll admit that the language of mathematics we use today is a pretty good system and has been created through a lot of people smarter than me experimenting with it. But humans sometimes like to define ourselves in ways we don’t actually have to be defined, the way we defined the year with the Gregorian calendar. Sometimes, we define ourselves by our schools or workplaces, or even our future schools and workplaces, which have not yet occurred. Sometimes, we like to define ourselves with not so great numbers, such as our GPA or rank. We like to decide on a cold, hard, set of ambitions that don’t actually have to completely define us if we would only let go of them for a moment. If someone else had picked our mathematical or calendar system, today would not be pi day. But you know what? Today is still a day, and it is glorious, as you too might realize after spending 16 hours in a windowless white walled hospital room for science research (ugh). It is a glorious day, and it is cold in Boston, but I still find it beautiful outside. Don’t let pi day define today. Don’t let whatever happens with regards to college decisions (ever) define you, whether they are what you wanted to hear or not. School and such things will pass. What would you say if you had to describe yourself without listing all your accomplishments, or your GPA, or all your academic endeavors? You are still a person. Today is still today. The nice thing is that though a few arbitrary Greek or Roman people in history decided things such that today is called Pi Day, it has not yet been defined as a day in your life yet. It’s early (where I am) in the morning. You get to decide what you will do today, and how you will spend it, and how you will remember it. Post Tagged #Pi Day

Sales and Bob Marsh - 1189 Words

http://www.slideshare.net/mkdas_ongc/group-7-sdm-kramer-pharmaceuticals * 1. Case Study Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Presented by Debi Prasad Bagria Kishor Chandwani Nandini Mudgil Mrinmoy Kanti Das Rahul Agarwal Ritesh Kumar Singh * 2. Case Background Company : Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Inc Business : Pharmaceuticals (Manufacturer of Prescription Drugs) Country : U.S. Year : 1978 Competitors: Abbott, Lilly, Merck, Upjohn amp; Schering * 3. Case Background Bob Marsh, a former detailer, worked at Kramer Pharmaceutical for 12 years and was considered a hard working, well established detailer (product specialist and sales associate). He possessed excellent references and credentials. Bob was fired because of failure to comply with†¦show more content†¦* 13. Bob Marsh – Performance over the years Rehabilitation blueprint of Marsh by Franlin amp; new Zone Manager Pete Mallick – Weekly reports, reading assignments, questionnaire forms. July’78 – At age 44 years, Marsh asked to resign which he accepted without resistance or comment ’ 78 Tom Franklin (Young – one year supervisory experience) No salary increase in Jan’78 But Probation status evaporated by default Sept’76 to ’78 Tom Wilkens (Background comparable to Reed) In ’77 : Initially recommended for salary hike, but later rated Complete unsatisfactory : Again put on probation of 90 days Aug’76 to Sept’77 Vince Reed (Young, Competent Detailer amp; Promising Manager - 1 st supervisory experience) No Salary Increase in Jan’75 : Put on probation of 90 days Probation removed : Performance found Satisfactory In Jan’76 : Salary Increased to $25k Sept’74 to Aug’76 Jim Rathbun (Bright, young, energetic with many new ideas) In ’71 – 73 : Performance Rating Satisfactory In ’74 : Performance : Well above average Attitude : Well above average March’71 to Sept’74 Bill Couch Ex perienced amp; Highly regarded supervisor) in ’67 amp; ’68 Work Performance : Below Standard Attitude : Standard In ’69 : Overall performance : Standard In ’70 : Rated Completely satisfactory From ‘66 to March’71 John Meredith (Took entry interview of Bob, highly recommended him) Observations Period Supervisor * 14. Bob Marsh – In the eyes of Supervisors Quickly grasped allShow MoreRelatedCooper Pharmaceuticals Case Analysis1660 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis On the surface, the issue of Bob Marsh’s firing from Cooper Pharmaceuticals appears to be an open and shut case; he did not adhere to the repeated warnings by management to alter his performance and selling style, therefore he was fired. However, other considerations are in play when you analyze this case further. Bob was an employee of Cooper for twelve years at the time of his termination, and had seemingly improved his performance when prompted to do so. Bob was also exceptionally well receivedRead MoreCopper Pharmaceuticals Case Study Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pageswere a major manufacturer for prescription drugs for medical and dental professions. • Sales are done mainly with the detailers who were pharmacy school graduates and had couple years of experience as registered pharmacists in drugstores. • Bob Marsh, with CPI for 12 years, married and had two children • Marshs initial salary was $35,000 and been raised to over $60,000 throughout his time with CPI • Marsh has 6 different field supervisor throughout the time he was with CPI • 60% of detailersRead More Kramer Pharmaceuticals Case Study Essay examples2308 Words   |  10 PagesFACTS: Bob Marsh, a former detailer (product specialist and sales associate) of Kramer Pharmaceutical was fired because of failure to comply with company protocol. Marsh worked at Kramer Pharmaceutical for 12 years and was considered a hard working, well established detailer. He possessed excellent references and credentials, however Marsh was asked to resign after failing to make several changes in his behavior. Although it was a little unconventional, his methods have worked well for him forRead MoreKramer Pharmaceuticals Case Study2065 Words   |  9 PagesProfessor Walsh Kris Bonilla Daniella DiBenedetto Fact Sheet: * Company name: Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. * Major manufacturer of prescription drugs. * Sales force of over 500 detailers * Detailers responsible for about 200 accounts * 35 District managers * Detailer: Bob Marsh * Worked for Kramer Pharmaceuticals for 12 years * Territory in Toledo, Ohio * District Supervisors * John Meredith * Bill Couch * Jim Rathbun Read MoreKramer Pharmaceuticals Inc Essay2413 Words   |  10 PagesPharmaceuticals, Inc. was a major manufacturer of prescription drugs for the medical and dental professions. It had a sales force of over 500 detailers, whose primary responsibility was calling regularly on hospital personnel, doctors, and dentists to describe the product line and to persuade these medical personnel to use and prescribe Kramer drugs. After having worked at Kramer for 12 years, Bob Marsh, a detailer of the company, was fired for unsatisfactory performance, poor attitude, and reluctance to improveRead MoreRR Case6291 Words   |  26 PagesHarvard Business School 9-386-019 Rev. November 15, 1987 RR During the summer of 1983, Bob Reiss observed with interest the success in the Canadian market of a new board game called â€Å"Trivial Pursuit.† His years of experience selling games in the U.S. had taught him a rough rule of thumb: the sales of a game in the U.S. tended to be approximately ten times those of sales in Canada. 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The basic five categories of employees’ benefits are;Read MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesdecisions and terms of doing business Distribution decisions Communication decisions (promotion strategies) Part IV Case studies 453 459 517 550 585 626 PART V IMPLEMENTING AND COORDINATING THE GLOBAL MARKETING PROGRAMME 18 Cross-cultural sales negotiations 19 Organization and control of the global marketing programme Part V Case studies Index 655 657 684 718 739 CONTENTS Preface Guided tour Acknowledgements Publisher’s acknowledgements Abbreviations About the author xvi xxxRead MoreBp Sustainability Essay28986 Words   |  116 Pagesperformance, as well as case studies that demonstrate our sustainability efforts in action. Full sustainability reporting bp.com/sustainability 22 IFC This is BP Our strategy and key performance data 2 A letter from our group chief executive Bob Dudley reï ¬â€šects on the events of 2010, and how we’re working to earn back the trust of all our stakeholders 4 How BP is changing Making BP a safer, stronger, more valuable and more sustainable company 6 Gulf of Mexico oil spill The DeepwaterRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagesand sent letters to sixty music companies, to the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), and, most importantly, to the Record Industry Association of America (RIAA). The RIAA, which represents record companies responsible for 85% of the total sales of records in the U.S., initially responded fiercely against any of the PMRC’s demands, invoking First Amendment rights for the free exercise of speech and music (Goodchild 1986:161). On August 5, President Gortikov of the RIAA sent a letter to PMRC

The Steps Of A Local Ministry Community - 901 Words

on those you’re trying to keep. Replace Yourself. One day someone else will be doing what you are doing. Whether you have an exit strategy or not, ultimately, you will exit. So embrace the inevitable and prepare now for the future. Work On It. To maintain your relevance, your sanity, and your effectiveness, you must carve out time in your schedule to step back and evaluate what you are doing and how you are doing it. These steps will make of great use if followed properly in working a local ministry community. A person must develop a spiritual mindset when governing God’s people, because God does not change his mind about his plan or purpose. God has chosen his elect to be servants in the representation of Him. Therefore, the working of the local ministry community must be operated with structure and stability, which requires a spirit of discipline. A spirit of discipline helps a person to become the beloved person of God’s intention for his ministry. Being God’s beloved involves the matters of the heart. Henri J. M. Nouwen writes, â€Å"Solitude and silence are ways to get to the heart, because is the place where God speaks to us, where we hear the voice who calls us the beloved† which indicates God place value on his chosen ones. An Old Testament Scripture record, â€Å"Many plans are in a man’s heart. But the counsel of the Lord will stand,† indicating the thought of a person should be pleasing to God, (Prov. 19:21, NASB). In fact, it is a bles sing to have such a great mind andShow MoreRelatedChurches of Cherokee Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many challenges to ministry in today’s world and having a vital and relevant ministry is even harder. Churches across all denominations face drastic declines in both attendees and financial giving. 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Well since we all know about America , we should take a step outside of that cozy bubble around us and look at the rest of the world. We will soon see the reality of the world surrounding us. So many of us know the typical stereotypes such as starving children in Africa, or the overworked children of China

Mesopotamian and Egyptian Culture on the Creation of the Old Testament Free Essays

The Bible has been around for so many years now, that’s why most people think that it is the most comprehensive book on ancient history. For some, it is even the basis for the creation of other scriptures of other religion, as well as the creation of other religions. However, record shows that there are some important details that is the same in the Bible, the Old Testament with the writings of other culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Mesopotamian and Egyptian Culture on the Creation of the Old Testament or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that there are some significant parts of the holy book that might have been patterned with the writings in other religions or cultures. This means that no matter how old the Bible is, its creation has been influenced by other culture’s and other religion’s writings. The Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh, the Sumerian King from the city of Uruk who lived and ruled around 2500 years B. C. There are no concrete relations of relating the account on Gilgamesh with human history, other than that it was passed through word of mouth some 3,700 years ago – around 2100 B. C. as a part of the oldest works of literature that man knows of which is The Epic of Gilgamesh. As compared to the part of the Book of Exodus wherein Moses liberates the Hebrew slaves out of Egypt, it would be around 1300-1200 B. C. if ever it actually existed. But with these dates, that would make the stories of the Epic of Gilgamesh be around 800-900 years older than that of the Old Testament’s Book of Exodus. This is to build upon the facts of which of them comes first, so that it is easier to tell which of them adopts the ideas of whom. Gilgamesh seemed to have encountered a great flood as well, in The Epics of Gilgamesh. It was when Utanapishtim confided to Gilgamesh about an old city where the gods might reside. It has been moved by the Greater Gods so that they can flood out the whole region to purge the evil-doers. This is much like the Great Flood which was inflicted by God in order to punish the human race. There were also groups of people who were spared, those who were given a warning before the punishment was actually inflicted. They were carefully instructed on what ways they will be spared and what they have to do for that matter. Noah was to build an ark with specific dimensions and materials, as for Gilgamesh, he was instructed to tear down a house and build a large boat with a roof. The similarities are obvious. They were both instructed to load up their boats with all animal life forms that they can find. Gilgamesh is considered to be the Babylonian Noah who has lived his purpose and took part in purging the world of sinful elements. The great flood will end all lives on earth, and the only thing that would save them is through constructing a huge ark. This ark will also be filled with all types of animals for them survive the flood. These facts could mean that the part of the Bible telling about Noah could be an adaptation of the earlier Epics of Gilgamesh, as manifested by their similarities in content. Hammurabi’s Laws The sixth king of the Babylonian Dynasty, King Hammurabi, existed some time between 1792 to1750 B. C. and is the known author of the Code of Hammurabi. His existence was about 300 years earlier than that of Moses, the one who liberated the Hebrew slaves from their Egyptian masters, the one has been shown the Ten Commandments of the Lord. Again, this is to establish which comes first, who could’ve copied whom, in the context of Moses and King Hammurabi. The fist concept was on the respect for parents, which established the importance of the family, the most basic unit of daily life. According to Hammurabi, there should always be respect to one’s parents. If a son has struck his father, then the appropriate punishment would be to cut-off his arms. In Mosaic law, death awaits for those who cursed their father and mother and acted stubbornly or rebelliously. Another important aspect would the vitality of marriage. According to Hammurabi, it is ok to send away one’s wife as long as the husband provides sustenance for their children to be raised properly. On the other hand, Mosaic Law allowed divorce on the grounds that when a spouse is found indecent or unfaithful. Both suggested death for both man and woman if ever they get caught committing adultery. Both has also forbade incest, wherein the punishment would be severe and would more or less be death. Another aspect that showed relevant similarities was on slavery. Both Hammurabi and Mosaic laws permitted to own slaves. However, they are also held liable with the death of any of their slaves. They are the ones who are responsible for their slaves’ actions. Another point of similarity is regarding theft. These cases are not to be treated lightly for both the Mosaic and Hammurabi’s laws. Mosaic law states that for those proven to have stolen something, they must return it five folds if it was killed and if it was alive, it should be returned. Meanwhile, for Hammurabi, it would depend whether thirty or ten times over, depending on the social status. However, if one is caught on the act of robbery, then punishment would be death. The one that manifests great similarity was their point on the laws regarding physical injury. For Mosaic law, if the injury was not serious, the guilty person is fined and the money will be given to the one who the damage was done to. But if the injury was serious, just like what Hammurabi said, it was right to take life for life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Hymn to Aton The Old Testament has also borrowed some texts from important Egyptian texts. The Hymn to the Great God Aton showed some relevant similarities with praises for the Lord, thanking him for all His blessings. Some passages on Psalms are the same with tomb scriptures in the tomb of some relevant figures in Egyptian history to have ever existed. It may be a coincidence, but to bear almost similar thoughts on the same concepts would be nearly impossible. Sinai Covenant The Sinai Covenant, as mediated by Moses, can be considered as the last defining moments in the priestly history of the bond which is formed the divine entity and the human beings. The main components and proponents of this covenant are the brave people of Israel, and were however hampered by the laws and regulations being set by other books like Exodus and Leviticus. So, order to show their grateful nature, they have assigned a whole day for worship. It is the Sabbath day which is also the sign o that covenant, used to keep and uphold the laws. Having this Sabbath day is common for many cultures. This is because people devoted time and effort to their gods, that’s why they have to assign certain days for worship to the Lord. This is also a way to check on everyone’s faith in the religion that they belong to. How to cite Mesopotamian and Egyptian Culture on the Creation of the Old Testament, Papers

Genre British Film Institute Essay Example For Students

Genre British Film Institute Essay Classifying films according to genre was one of the earliest methods of organising the production and marketing of films by Hollywood. It allows for standardisation and product differentiation in a market flooded by competitors. However genre is more than an industry device. It is a fluid and changing state of film conventions. It is virtually impossible to find a film that belongs to a single genre as most incorporate many different styles. Silence of the Lambs (1991), for example, may appear to be the classic example of a horror movie yet it includes the sub genres of psychological drama, crime and thriller. In this way it is seen to be generically instable or forming a generic constellation. Genres, although possessing distinctive patterns can alter depending on their use and relationship to other genres (Corrigan and white, 2004, 290). Silence of the Lambs, produced by Jonathan Demme, demonstrates how filmmakers can use generic constellations and instability to distance a credible film from the seemingly un-credible genre of horror. The use of genres in films, like stars, emerged from the Hollywood studio need to identify audience anticipations and vice versa (Cook, 2003, 290). Genres have a recognisable repertoire of conventions such as plot, characters, setting and narrative development:Â   a category or classification of a group of movies in which the individual films share similar subject matter and similar ways of organising the subject through narrative and stylistic patterns (Cook, 2003, 290). This does not mean that Hollywood can produce hundreds of films with the same plot, in spite of popular belief that genres are all the samethe emphasis on sameness, repetition or standardisation does not limit the audiences enjoyment (Branston and Stafford, 2003,112). Audiences are not a coherent body with a consistent set of expectations and although they may be aware of the generic conventions of a horror or romance film it must work creatively and individually within the genre to be a success (Gelder, 2001,152). Genre mixing or hybrid films were introduced by Hollywood to satisfy a number of different audiences and have led to generic constellations and instability. Generic constellations suggest that genres with distinctive patterns and conventions can overlap and transfigure according to their relationship with other genres. For example, viewers of a film described as a romantic comedy will have a totally different set of expectations to a film described as a romantic thriller despite belonging to the same core genre. The genre system still functions to distinguish film types but acknowledges that is it a system flawed by blurred boundaries and contested categories. Generic instability is based on a similar hypothesis but recognizes that some genres do not mix easily and movies often go through various stages of generic classification before reaching a stable generic identity (Altman, 2002, 140). The generic definition of a film can change according to the classifier the studio, contemporary critics, the audience and the censors may have highly different interpretations of the film. This is particularly relevant when considering The Silence o f the Lambs (1991). Jonathan Demmes film Silence of the Lambs was a major commercial and critical success worldwide. It was a five-time Academy-Award winner including best picture. Demmes Best Director Oscar made him the first (and only) filmmaker to win for a thriller. The movie was based on the novel of the same name by Thomas Harris thus a generic identity existed long before the film was released. Yet distributors and critics sought to distance the movie from the supposedly low calibre title of horror in favour of psychological thriller. Critics also emphasised the important contribution the film made to the feminist movement by casting a woman in a dominant, lead role. Jodie Fosters star offered some security from the less prestigious genres of horror and action: Robocop - A Postmodern Film Study EssayWe are encouraged by the mise en scene to think of the film as gothic horror in the same vain as Dracula. When Hannibal murders two prison guards in order to escape from his make shift cell he takes great pleasure in biting the face of one of the victims leaving blood smeared across his mouth. This disturbing scene has an added dimension of horror by the presence of classical music, traditionally a sign of the educated within society. Traditionally gothic horror has centred on monsters from the educated and upper class world, for example, Dracula, Dr Jekyll and Hyde and Frankenstein. There is a need to make a spectacle in this genre and this is achieved through Lectors disturbed artwork. Initially his images of Clarice holding a lamb and later his victim draped in an American flag and hung like an angel. Gothic horror is also apparent in many of the settings particularly the prison where we first meet Hannibal. This evokes images of Victorian asylums with bare brick walls, iron bars and hysterical in mates. This is in stark contrast with the realist horror created by Hannibal himself. Doctor Chilton claims in the movie hes a monster, a pure psychopath yet Lector and Bill are possible realistic monsters (Freeland, 1995, 130). Indeed the character of Buffalo Bill was created through case studies of previous serial killers Ed Gein, Ted Bundy and Gary Michael Heidnik. These monsters are true to life and this causes instability between the standard genre of horror that we believe to be fictitious and the sub genre of realist horror. The film intentionally plays upon confusions between representations of fiction and reality. By the nature of generic constellations films will often go through a series of generic instabilities in context with new audiences and social beliefs. Silence of the Lambs was initially classified as a thriller, crime and psychological movie but as time has progressed it has gradually reduced to psychological horror. The process of generic instability is typically forgotten, hence our belief that classic Hollywood operated via pure genre films (Altman, 2001, 140). It seems generic instability and generic constellation relate to the idea that genres are fluid, ever changing states of cinematic convention. In order for films to be creative and original genres need to constellate and/ or become instable. Although audiences view a film with a set of generic expectations they want the film to work autonomously within its selection of genres. There is no such thing as a pure genre film or X factor that optimises what creates a horror, romance or western genre. This is evident in Silence of the Lambs. The movie works superbly as a horror and a psychological thriller. It is hard to distinguish where one genre ends and anther begins and surely this is a sign of a successful generic constellation? Although critics and filmmakers avoided the classification of horror it has illustrated that the genre can be as legitimate and respected as any other. It also important to remember that although genre has important economic and cinematic influences it cannot be accorded sole determination over the end product.

Pizza Hut Company

Company Background Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain. It operates franchises internationally. The company operates in the food industry and offers food items like pizzas, pastas, garlic breads, breadsticks, drinks, and desserts. It provides catering service and franchise opportunity. The company was founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney and is based in Plano, Texas. It is a subsidiary of Yum Brands Inc. (Pizzahut , 2015).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pizza Hut Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pizza Hut runs three different formats of restaurants – first is the family dining in restaurants, second is the delivery and carry on types, and third is where the first and second are merged together. Pizza Hut restaurants aim at providing the best quality product and service to its customers. The vision of the company at inception was to provide a special pizza eating experience and 55 years l ater, the company still prioritizes customer satisfaction above everything. The vision of the company is to be the number one pizza company in the world and the mission of the company is to bring favor to life. Pizza Hut’s objectives or â€Å"customer promise† as they call it, is to invent the most flavorful experiences and never be boring. The chain has 15,605 restaurants in 92 countries worldwide in 2014 (Yum, 2015). In China alone, there has been a 25% rise in the number of restaurants and 22% rise in the number in India (Yum, 2015). However, the largest number of chains is still in the US, which is the largest market for Pizza Hut. Situational Analysis How did the company start? Two brothers, Dan and Frank Carney, in Wichita, Kansas, started the company in 1958. In the fifties, a pizza parlor was a rarity in America, and when they opened one, it proved to be a successful business venture. Theirs was a humble venture with $600 lent to them by their mother and they p artnered with John Bender. A year later they started opening other Pizza Hut restaurants and franchises. The company believed in a policy of aggressive marketing and it grew fast in the 60s. By 1966, Pizza Hut already had 145 franchises across US (Vlessing, 1998). In 1968, the company opened its first international restaurant, in Canada and by 1970 it had opened restaurants in Germany and Australia. Due to its fast expansion and aggressive marketing policy, the company had to undergo certain structural changes in order to sustain growth. Their advertising expenditure in the local market increased from $942000 in 1972 to $3.17 million in 1974 (Vlessing, 1998). The company merged in PepsiCo in 1977. Throughout the 80s, Pizza Hut bought new competitors and aggressively acquired those who threatened their number one position.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Initially Pizza Hut faced local competition mostly from regional players like Shakey’s from Denver and Pizza Inn from Denver (Vlessing, 1998). The company faced strong growth through the 80s, expanding rapidly. However, in the 90s, there were challenges and in the early 90s, PepsiCo expanded into the emerging markets. By 1997, Pizza Hut operated in 90 countries around the globe. PESTEL Political Factors: Pizza Hut is an international restaurant chain and therefore face various regulatory and political turmoil occurring in various parts of the world. Political issues may include regulatory framework that affects the operations in a particular country. The business is open to risks that are inherent to international operations. They are susceptible to social and ethnic unrest as well as local corruption. The restaurants must comply with the local government’s license and regulations. In the Middle East, the restaurants are subject to local laws concerning security, labor, health, sanitation , and safety. Internationally, the restaurants are subject to tariffs and regulations on commodities and equipment that are imported. They are also subject t to anti-bribery and corruption laws (See Appendix table 1). Economic Factors: the global and local economic condition may affect the operations of the chain. Some economic factors that may adversely affect operations of the chain are increased unemployment, fall in disposable income, and decline in consumer confidence. Other macroeconomic factors such as increasing inflation and dwindling exchange rates may become a serious impediment to sales growth of the chain. UAE has one of the fastest growing economies with booming industries and high consumer spending, which is a positive factor that will influence the growth of the chain in the country. Social Factors: Pizza Hut is a symbol of American commodification and faces unrest from ethnic and social groups in other countries who oppose Americanization of their culture. Though th e company strives to localize their menu offerings and imparting the image of a local chain, it often faces challenge. UAE has a young population with 41% of the population belonging to the age group of 15 to 44 (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Further the demand for American fast food in the country is increasing (Valdini, 2012). Technological Factors: Pizza Hut is spending a lot of its revenue on technological advancements in order to meet the demands of the tech-savvy market. For instance, the company is investing amount $30 million in 2014 (Yum!, 2014). It is planning to adopt a smart technology that will anticipate the customer’s need before she places the order (Nield, 2014).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pizza Hut Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will help in better services. Further, for delivery orders, the chain is testing Uber-Esque technology to track orders (Taylor, 2 015). Thus, updating technology is essential to keep up with the technological changes occurring in daily life. Environmental Factors: These factors differ depending on the region they are operating in. A company can be charged of being harmful to the environment. One of the reasons that a company can be accused of that is using materials that are not biodegradable, and Pizza Hut does that. Legal Factors: This includes taxes, quality requirements, and employees’ specifications. Legal compliance is essential in all the countries it operates in order to meet the legal needs and the regulatory framework of the nations. Therefore, to get licenses and permission to operate restaurants, compliance to regulations is essential (Yum!, 2014). Industry analysis Pizza Hut belongs to the retail food industry. It is made up of various forms of retailers such as supermarkets, supercenters, warehouse stores, convenience stores, etc. (Yum!, 2014). The fast food casual dining industry in the U AE is growing very fast due to the rise in disposable income, change in high-end shopping mall induced lifestyle, and increase in demand for Western fast food (Valdini, 2012). Therefore, Pizza Hut does not hold a significant position in the overall industry (Yum!, 2014). The Pizza food service sales in the UAE have been growing at CAGR of 7.8% (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). In the fast food market, the largest brand is KFC based on the percentage of share based on sales. Pizza Hut has the third largest market share in the UAE (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). The fast food market is expected to grow at a very fast rate in the UAE, with the chained foodservice market to have an expected growth rate of 7.1% (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Further, pizza sales in UAE are expected to grow at a rate of 12.38% (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Competitor analysis The competitive environment in the fast food industry in UAE is highly fragmented. The mar ket leader in fast food in UAE is Kuwait Food Co. (Americana), which holds 3% value share in 2014 (Europmonitor International, 2015).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Domino’s Pizza is considered Pizza Hut’s number one competitor. The control of the pizza market by Pizza Hut started to be threatened when Domino’s entered the market as a delivery only chain. Other competitors include Papa John’s Pizza and Figaro’s Pizza. Other direct competitors for Pizza Hut are Papa Johns and Figaro’s Pizza that also specialize in pizza and have a number of branches around the UAE, but not even close to those of Pizza Hut (Wong, 2014). Indirect competitors of Pizza Hut include Subway, McDonalds, and other restaurants located in the food courts. Those restaurants also offer a fast service, a good price, and are located in a lot of places. However, the variety and creativity of Pizza Hut’s menu keeps it going and succeeding. A recent awareness among the people of UAE about the health hazards about fast food has increased the demand for healthy options provided by companies like Kcal Extra, Healthtrendz, and Liveâ₠¬â„¢ly who concentrate on deliveries to homes and offices catering to the health conscious consumers (Flanagan, 2015). Others like DinnerTime and Detox Delight provide food for the health and diet conscious consumers (Flanagan, 2015). One factor that might affect the industry of Pizza Hut and fast food in general is the increased health awareness. Media and doctors are focusing on promoting a healthy life style. In the GCC and specially the UAE, the number of nutritionists and gyms is highly increasing (Yum!, 2014). This awareness promotes people to taking care of the food they eat and focusing on eating healthy food. Domino’s Pizza is Pizza Hut’s first strategic benchmark company. Domino’s are working hard on their long-term strategies. They started already with the Customize Your Own Pizza option in some of the countries. Further, the company faces competition from other full-service restaurants as Pizza Hut operates in this market in the UAE. Customer analysi s The target market of Pizza Hut is both male and females of various age groups from all nationalities. The specific age group targeted is 12 to 40 years. They offer various pizzas that attract various age groups and nationalities. The price ranges at which the pizzas are offered are suited to low and middle income families. The targeted market is men and women, children, students, families, and travellers. The company has no geographic segmentation as it has its operations worldwide. The company follows lifestyle segmentation in the emerging Middle Eastern market where it has branded its restaurants as upscale dine-in. In the Middle Eastern market, Pizza Hut caters to a specific social class i.e. upper and middle class. More specifically, the target markets are those families who dine-out or order food at least once a week and have a high disposable income where a large portion of the target market’s spending goes to non-essentials. Target Segment of Pizza Hut The market siz e in the UAE is large as the country has a high percentage of young people with high disposable income and a high preference for American fast food. The target market of the chain is segregated based on the food they offer. For pizzas and pastas, they target a demographic group of 10 to 40 years of age, both male and female. Pizza Hut targets families with children, young professionals, and students. They target middle and upper middle class families in the Asian and emerging markets while in Europe and the US market they target low and middle class families. In terms of geographic segmentation, Pizza Hut puts a lot of importance on its expansion and sale in in the Middle East. The targeted market here is people within the age group of 20 to 40 and belonging to the upper to high-income group. Potential Size of Target Market The emerging and developing economies hold much more promise than developed countries. Figure 3 in the appendix shows that the emerging countries are more optimi stic about the growth prospects of GDP as well as the future of children in their country. Hence, from a futuristic view, targeting the emerging markets is an opportunity that Pizza Hut should undertake. According to the US poverty line, a household earning $10-20 daily belongs to the middle class and upper middle class is a household with income over $20-50 (Kochhar, 2015). Households with annual income over $73000 or above annually belong to the high-income group. Kochhar (2015) points out that the rise of the middle-income group has been highest in emerging economies like China, South America, and Eastern European countries. Further, the major population belonging to the upper-middle class and high-income group lived in North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific region (Kochhar, 2015). The fast food industry in the UAE had a $8.5 billion market in 2013 and is expected to grow further (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Hence, the target market of the young professional group b elonging to the age of 20 to 40 years will be rising in emerging economies (see figure 2 in Appendix). Top 3 strategic problems The three most important strategic problems faced by Pizza Hut are – Changing food preference and increasing health consciousness of the target market and introduction of healthy eating alternatives posses a threat to the market. Zero sales growth of Pizza Hut in the UAE by change in year on year sales from 2009 through 2013 (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Lack of aggressive promotion in the UAE market of the popular products by Pizza Hut. For instance, Chicken Shawarma Pizza of Pizza Hut is one of the best selling ordered products of the chain, however, marketing for the product was short-lived. Recommendation Marketing Mix In the UAE the highest growth in the fast food service market are for full service casual dining and delivery model-based food service companies. In the full casual dining experience, the Pizza Hut holds the largest m arket share. However, Domino’s is the market leader in the delivery service (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015). Product Building On Existing Product Pizza hut concentrates on offering local flavors to cater to the local markets. Pizza Hut needs to expand its menu offerings in the UAE. For example, Chicken Shawarma Pizza is part of the Flavors of the Arabia, which has 5 pizzas with flavors made to meet the Middle Eastern tastes. However, in the UAE only the chicken variant was introduced when there is a high demand for the beef variant. In addition the range includes Sujuk Pizza, Tawok Pizza, Sujuk Spirals, and Lemon Zaatar wings, which have been advertised in the UAE when the product was introduced, however, remain unavailable in the market. It is a strategic mistake to have made a promise in the advertisement and not committing to it as this creates negative image among consumers. Price Based On The Competitive Chart Price should be based on the marketing strategy that Pizza Hut employs and not directly based on the rice chart of its competitors. The prices must be competitive but concentration must be on building a brand and not start a price war. Further, Domino’s is gaining market through its online ordering business while Pizza Hut ahs not been able to match the sales rise in the digital age. Promotion Strategy The competitive rivalry between Pizza Hut and Dominos has led both the companies into price and promotional war. However, Pizza Hut has tried to move away from the business model followed by Dominos and caters to the dine-in experience of customers rather than the delivery business. Promoting restaurants with better ambience and happy dining experience will capture the mission and vision of the company and present a different form of competition to Dominos. Stakeholders According to the Yum Brand the stakeholders in their business and in turn for Pizza Hut are supply chain solutions board, the franchise associations, local commu nities, animal welfare societies, environmentalists, health and nutritionists, etc. (Yum! Brands, 2014). Budget The company should include three main strategies in their budget expenditure – first, innovating their services by increasing efficiency and better product offerings, second, entering emerging markets as inexpensive luxuries targeting the middle class and not only the upper-middle and high income group, and third, revamping their marketing campaigns. Further, many products are not properly marketed and promotion strategy is short-lived. Hence, proper budget should be in place to promote their products in the UAE market. Budget Plan Idea of returns and Sales Projections Table 3 in the appendix shows the growth of sales and marketing cost of Pizza Hut. The figures show that the sales of Pizza Hut are expected to decline based on the trend of sales in last three years (2012 through 2014). However, the cost of marketing will increase continuously. Finding the year-on-ye ar growth of sales since 2012 through 2014 was used to project sales of Pizza Hut. The compounded average growth rate is derived using the sales growth figures, which is then used to compute the trend in sales. The marketing cost was projected using the growth rate of marketing cost for 2013 and 2014. This is a warning sign for Pizza Hut, as it should revamp its product offering and boost marketing strategy to increase sales. References Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015. Foodservice Profile – The United Arab Emirates. [Online] Available at: http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-region/middle-east-and-north-africa/foodservice-profile-the-united-arab-emirates/?id=1432740194697 . Europmonitor International, 2015. Consumer Foodservice in the United Arab Emirates. [Online] . Flanagan, B., 2015. UAE health food market booming but is it getting too fat? [Online] Available at: http://www.thenational.ae/business/the-life/uae-heal th-food-market-booming-but-is-it-getting-too-fat . Gruley, B., 2014. Twilight of the Pizza Barons. [Online] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-07-03/dominos-little-caesars-pizza-founders-contrasting-legacies . Kochhar, R., 2015. A Global Middle Class Is More Promise than Reality. [Online] Available at: http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/07/08/a-global-middle-class-is-more-promise-than-reality/ . Nield, D., 2014. ‘Subconscious’ Pizza HUt Menu Knows What You Want Before Yuo Do. [Online] Available at: http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/pizza-huts-new-eye-tracking-technology-knows-want-menu/ . Pew Research Center, 2014. Emerging and Developing Economies Much More Optimistic than Rich Countries about the Future. [Online] Available at: http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/10/09/emerging-and-developing-economies-much-more-optimistic-than-rich-countries-about-the-future/ . Pizzahut , 2015. Our History. [Online] Available at: http://pizzahut.com.ph/about/our_history .php . Taylor, K., 2015. Pizza Hut Is Testing Uber-Esque Delivery Tracking Tech. [Online] Available at: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/245897 . Valdini, C., 2012. Industry focus: Fast food in the UAE. [Online] Available at: http://www.arabianbusiness.com/industry-focus-fast-food-in-uae-483500.html . Vlessing, E., 1998. Pizza Hut Inc. [Online] Available at: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pizza_Hut_Inc.aspx . Yum, 2015. Restaurant Count. [Online] Available at: http://www.yum.com/investors/restcounts.asp . Yum! Brands, 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.yumcsr.com/about/stakeholders.asp . Yum!, 2014. YUM! Annual Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.yum.com/annualreport/pdf/2014yumAnnReport.pdf . Appendix Table 1: PESTEL Analysis of Pizza Hut Political 0 Economic +2 Social +4 Technological +4 Environmental -1 Legal +2 Table 2 Competitors Pizza Hut Domino’s Papa Johns Product Pizza and fast food Pizza and fast food Pizza and fast food Service Restaurant and delivery service Restaurant and delivery service Restaurant and delivery service Production/Quality Concentrates of serving local taste and diversification of market. Focuses on delivery within 30 minutes and hence efficiency. Concentrates on taste and delivery efficiency. Location 94 countries worldwide. Around the world. Europe and US. Market Share The largest Pizza chain in the US and globally. 16.7% sales in US in 2013 (Gruley, 2014). Second largest pizza chain in the US and globally. 11.1% sales in US in 2013 (Gruley, 2014). Third largest is Papa Johns in the US. 7.3% sales in US in 2013 (Gruley, 2014). Figure 2: Growth and future (Pew Research Center, 2014) Table 3: Pizza Growth Rate (Source: 2014 Yum Brand Annual Report) Sales Forecast 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Income Sales 993 609 607 611.73 608.31 608.75 Growth rate -0.387 -0.003 0.008 -0.006 0.001 CAGR -0.91 Expense M arketing Cost Forecast Marketing Cost 173 180 187.28 194.86 202.75 Growth rate 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 This report on Pizza Hut Company was written and submitted by user K1nsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Paragraph Essay on Respect

5 Paragraph Essay on Respect 5 Paragraph Essay on Respect In every context, there are certain values that must be observed if peaceful co-existence is to be achieved. In today’s world, social interactions take place everywhere. In institutions of learning, for instance, students continually interact with each other, as well as their teachers and other staff. At home, interaction cannot be avoided, unless one lives alone. Similarly, in the workplace, managers place more emphasis on team work to facilitate the timely achievement of organizational objectives. Even the simplest form of interaction, which is the relationship between friends or spouses, calls for a strict observance of certain morals and values. These values range from honesty and co-operation to mutual respect. Although all of them are crucial to a successful interaction, it has become evident that respect is of paramount importance. The major reason why respect is core to a relational development is embedded in the fact that in every situation there is some sort of relational hierarchy, whether express or implied. In other words, at any given level of a relational environment, there has to be someone who is above the rest in terms of authority and responsibility. In employment, there has to be a supervisor or manager to whom everybody else is subordinate. Likewise, family units have a head, who conventionally is the man. In classrooms, the teacher is superior and commands the respect of his/her students. Equally, there are class heads or school captains who must be obeyed and respected by the other students. There is an old adage, that respect is earned. This statement is particularly common in marriages or romantic relationships. Marriage and relationship counselors often have to mediate between spouses who have quarreled or even fought. In this age of the independent woman, there is the contention that both husband and wife are equal in marriage. The wife will argue that since she, too, is contributing towards the fulfillment of family needs, she should have a voice on all matters. The same independence is behind the increasingly prevalent assertion that the husband should also take active roles in domestic chores. The typical man will term this as utter disrespect. Pursuant to the â€Å"respect is earned† theory, unnecessary family conflict will be avoided if both partners learn to respect each other. As the head, the husband ought to appreciate the effort his wife is making as a home-maker and a career woman. On the other hand, the wife should attempt to stick to the Biblical teaching of submitting to her husband. This way, the husband will feel respected. All in all, respect must be mutual. It is unrealistic and oppressive to expect submission if one treats others inhumanely. The give-and-take attitude holds true in this regard. Tips on five-paragraph essay writing: An essay on personal values such as respect must be approached with sincerity and a straightforward manner if it is to achieve its purpose of informing the reader. It is clear that all cultures emphasize the importance of respect. Nonetheless, one is easily swayed by one’s individual perception of who should respect whom, as influenced by one’s cultural background. In addition to this consideration, the essay should expressly aim to inform the audience that no one person is exempted from respecting others, regardless of his or her position or authority. Furthermore, if the essay is written in such a manner that it compares two people, it should implore both of them to respect each other. Perhaps you need a custom 5-paragraph essay written from scratch? Then you need to contact essay writing service now!

Ethical Aspects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Aspects - Essay Example It is important that ethical aspects are included so that the body of evidence that is available to policy makers reflects the diversity of the population. The essay will analyse this case study with a view to determining the value of the research to the participants and investigators, as well as assessing the validity and precision of the study. For any research studies to go ahead, investigators have got to ensure that the study is valuable to the current body of knowledge and to the participants. Research has to contribute to improving the health and wellbeing, and in this case study, it sought to determine the links between suicidal tendencies and low cholesterol levels. The information derived from this research study would be valuable to participants, as they would be aware of factors that could be detrimental to their health. This information is also valuable to the patient population as it is thought to be specific to patients with Para suicidal tendencies. This research found that those patients with low cholesterol levels were more likely to develop suicidal tendencies than the control groups. To further enhance the value, the study had to be designed in such a way that would reduce bias; which could have been introduced through age-related disorders such as dementia, anorexia, etc. Bias can also be introduced if the sample group is homogeneous, which is there is a significant proportion of males to females; however, the investigators have made sure each group has an equal split. Validity and precision The research sought to determine if there was any difference in cholesterol levels between the patient groups examined, and if there was an association between cholesterol level and measures of suicidal tendencies, impulsivity and depression. The study results and analysis revealed a significant difference in mean cholesterol levels between the three groups with the parasuicide group having the lowest levels and the psychiatric controls having the highest. This clearly satisfies the first aim of this research, and cholesterol, non-planning and motor sub scale scores of self reported impulsivity were significantly inversely related, which supports the second hypotheses. The validity and precision of these results could have been influenced by bias and other conditions, however, the investigators have taken a number of steps that would have reduced the probability of this occurrence. One method of ensuring validity and precision is to select an appropriate sample size, sample method and make sure the confidence intervals are appropriate for the study. The sample method of selecting three groups provides a population spread and accounts for the various psychological conditions that exist. For example, normal controls will be different to psychiatric controls and this ensures the generalisation of the study results. Efforts have also been made to ensure the gender split is equal in all three groups, as the study found that there are some differences between the sexes. The psychiatric controls also served to remove any bias that may have been or could be attached to the participants in the parasuicidal/DSH group. The age range was a potential source of bias, however the inclusion criteria was necessary as over 65s could present with symptoms that are asymptomatic of parasuicidal/DSH as a result of

The adverse medical, social, and spiritual consequences of marijuana Research Paper

The adverse medical, social, and spiritual consequences of marijuana and opiod addictions on the indiviual nd society - Research Paper Example The Sumerians of 4000BC and Egyptions of 2000BC were the first to experience their pain relieving and euphoric effects. International awareness on the issue of opioid abuse started when President T. Roosevelt convened the Shanghai Opium Commission in 1909. The commission was to assist the Chinese empire stamp out opioid addiction (Preda, 2012). Marijuana is illegal as a substance of abuse. In spite of this, physicians have produced evidence suggesting that marijuana, or some of its components can play an important role in treating some of the diseases that affect mankind. Statistically, marijuana is the most abused illicit substance in the world (Doweiko, 2009). It is estimated that about 166 million persons above 15yrs use this substance on a regular basis. It is the most abuse substance in the United States. About 43% of persons over 18yrs abuse marijuana daily in America. Marijuana abuse produces very strong effects. Users of the substance experience a mild feeling of relaxation, euphoria, sensory distortions and alteration of an individual’s perception of usual activities such as watching television, eating and having sex (Doweiko, 2009). Others may have enhanced perceptions of sounds and colors. In social environments, marijuana smokers may talk excessively and display infectious laughter. High potency marijuana causes a synesthesia like experience and enhanced tactile sensations. Research shows that very low use of marijuana seems to stimulate the brain to release serotonin which causes antidepressant effects that help reduce depression (Doweiko, 2009). Opioids bind to opioid receptors found on neurons that exist in nervous and immune system. There are four major types of opioid receptors. These are mu, delta, kappa and OFQ/N. These receptors act as binding sites for endogenous peptides, such as enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins (Doweiko, 2009) . These peptides perform regulatory and modulating functions, including

Impact of Domestic Violence on Children

Impact of Domestic Violence on Children Contents Introduction Chapter 2: The impacts of domestic violence on children Chapter 3: Protecting children from domestic violence Chapter 5: The multi-agency approach to child protection Chapter 6: Policies to protect children against domestic violence Conclusions and Recommendations References Introduction This dissertation looks at domestic violence and the impacts domestic violence has on children and child protection issues. The dissertation begins with a description of domestic violence, including an estimation of the extent of the problem, illustrated with statistics. The dissertation then moves on to analyse the immediate and long-term impacts of domestic violence on children’s health, education, personality, socialising and future relationships. The dissertation then moves on to the issue of protecting children from domestic violence in terms of the child protection issues that need to be taken into consideration. The dissertation then moves on to a discussion of the role of the mother and why her socio-economic status and culture is important. Protecting the mother, in terms of protecting the child, is then discussed, in terms of whether, for example, it is best for children to live with both parents, even when there is domestic violence occurring. The dissertation then moves on to an analysis of the multi-agency approach to child protection, examining its advantages and disadvantages. The available services for children living with domestic violence are also discussed, as are the policy and legislation against domestic violence and pro child protection in the UK. Through this, the dissertation moves on to analyse the intervention strategies that are available to protect children, in terms of the extent to which prevention is possible and how. The dissertation then moves on to a critically analysis of the roles of policies, legislation, agencies and professionals in protecting children, in terms of whether the legislation enhances or hinders the effectiveness of professional intervention, and what should happen next. The dissertation ends with a conclusions and recommendations section, which provides recommendations as to how child protection can become more effective. This section presents a description of domestic violence, including an estimation of the extent of the problem, illustrated with statistics. Domestic violence, or intimate partner violence, or interpersonal partner abuse, as it is also commonly known, is a pattern of aggressive behaviours, either physical, sexual or psychological (or all three) that adult partners use against their intimate partners (Ganley, 1995). The Home Office classifies domestic violence as, â€Å"Any violence which occurs between current or former partners in an intimate relationship, wherever and whenever this violence occurs. The violence may include physical, sexual, emotional or financial abuse† (Home Office, 1998). It is known that domestic violence is mostly perpetrated by men against women victims and that it often begins, or gets worse, around pregnancy (Nicolson et al., 2006). Domestic violence is generally repetitive, in that once it has occurred once, it is likely to be repeated, either in the same manner or utilising a different form (psychological, sexual or physical), with each form of the violence interacting with the other form and causing problems for the victim(s) of the violence, who are not only the partner but also any children that may be present in the household (see Ganley, 1995). Shockingly, a high proportion of children living with domestic violence are themselves being abused, with almost 80% of the children who are on the ‘at-risk’ register coming from homes where domestic violence is known to occur (see, for example, Mullender and Morley, 1994; Department of Health, 2002). In addition, research has shown that there is a correlation between being an abusive partner and having witnessed abusive behaviour in one’s childhood (see O’Leary, 1987). In terms of the theoretical models that have been posited to explain domestic violence, social exchange theory suggests that human interactions are guided by seeking rewards and avoiding costs and punishment (see Blau, 1964), with domestic violence tending to occur when being violent does not outweigh the rewards on offer (see Gelles and Cornell, 1985; 1990). Following this reasoning, therefore, one of the ways to reduce the prevalence of domestic violence is to increase the cost attached to being a ‘batterer’ (i.e., a person who inflicts violence on an intimate partner) through, for example, creating and enforcing criminal laws against domestic violence (see Danis, 2003). Deterrence can, after all, be defined as, â€Å"the state’s ability to diminish the incidence of a prohibited action through legal threats which clearly indicate that the costs of an action would be greater than any benefits derived from it† (Dutton, 1995; p.242). Other theories suggested to explain the prevalence of domestic violence include social learning theory, which suggests that people learn to be violent through reinforcement (i.e., receiving a reward or being punished directly after an aggressive act has taken place) or through modelling (i.e., basing one’s actions on what one has witnessed) (see Bandura, 1973). As has been seen, intergenerational transmission of the behaviour that leads to domestic violence is possible and, indeed, occurs in many situations (see O’Leary, 1987 and Mihalic and Elliott, 1997). On this basis, many ‘batterers’ are treated, attempting to reverse the behaviour that leads to domestic violence on the premise that what has been learned can be un-learned (see Danis, 2003). The British Crime Survey, and annual survey of crime conducted in the UK, can be used to find prevalence data of domestic violence. Mirrlees-Black and Byron (1996) showed that, in 1996, around 4% of women interviewed admitted some form of domestic violence in the year previous to the survey, with women twice as likely as men to have been injured by a partner in the year previous to the survey. In addition, Mirrlees-Black and Byron (1996) found that 23% of women had experienced some form of domestic violence at some point in their lives, with those most at risk being the under 25s and those in financial difficulties. It was found that only half of the victims had reported the domestic violence, and of the half that had reported the domestic violence, this was to a friend of family, with police and medical staff being notified only in a small proportion of cases (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996). Mirrlees-Black (1999) again used the British Crime Survey data to analyse the prevalence of domestic violence, finding that, similarly to the 1996 survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996), around 4% of women reported some form of domestic violence in the year previous to the study, with women twice as likely as men to be the subject of domestic violence. Mirrlees-Black (1999) estimated that there were 6.6 million incidents of domestic violence in the year previous to the survey, with 2.9 million of these incidents involving actual physical injury. This survey (Mirrlees-Black, 1999) revealed that 12% of women had been assaulted on three or more occasions, which Mirrlees-Black referred to as chronic victims. Similarly to the 1996 survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996), women under 25 were most likely to report domestic violence, with 34% of women in this category reporting some form of domestic violence, higher than in the previous, 1996, survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996). In terms of the actual domestic violence perpetrated against these women, pushing, shoving and grabbing were the most common types of assault with injury occurring in 41% of the domestic violence episodes (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Alarmingly, around a third of the women surveyed who reported domestic violence episodes revealed that their children had been aware of the last violent episode (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). In addition, chronic victims of domestic violence were usually the victims of more serious types of attack (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Walby and Allen (2004) present the most recent survey of domestic violence using the British Crime Survey, showing that domestic violence is still widespread with 36% of women reporting some sort of domestic violence episode, although this figure represents concentrated episodes of chronic domestic violence and/or multiple episodes of domestic violence throughout their lives. The study found that 13% of women had experienced some form of domestic violence in the year prior to the survey (up from 4% in the 1999 survey reported by Mirrlees-Black (1999) and that for women subjected to domestic violence, the average number of domestic violence episodes per year was twenty (Walby and Allen, 2004). On this basis, Walby and Allen (2004) estimated that there had been 12.9 million domestic violence episodes in the year prior to the survey, up from 6.6 million in the 1999 survey (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). The 2004 survey also revealed that 2% of women who admitted domestic violence had been the s ubject of a serious sexual assault inside the home (Walby and Allen, 2004). Walby and Allen (2004) found that those women who lived in a household earning less than  £10,000 were three and a half more times likely to be the subject of domestic violence than a women in a household earning more than  £20,000, although it was admitted that the correlations between domestic violence and poverty are unclear. For example, poverty could be the cause of domestic violence, or could be the outcome of domestic violence, in that women who have fled domestic violence often end up living on low income (Walby and Allen, 2004). In terms of assessing the prevalence of domestic violence, studies have shown that it is difficult to provide a realistic estimate, in reality, as many women do not seek help and even when faced with medical professionals with whom they could speak, for example their GP’s, most women do not willingly discuss their problems (see, for example, Bonds et al., 2006). Indeed, research has shown (see, for example, Boyle and Jones, 2006) that women who are the subject of domestic violence frequently only disclose when healthcare staff directly enquire about this possibility, many of whom actively stated, when interviewed, that they do not ask about such matters so as not to offend the patient, even though evidence shows that women who are not the subject of domestic violence are unlikely to be offended by such a question (Boyle and Jones, 2006). One of the most comprehensive studies of the reported frequency of domestic violence against women has been reported by Bradley et al. (2002), who surveyed 1871 women attending general practice through a cross-sectional, self-administered anonymous survey. 40% of the women surveyed had, at some point in their lives, experienced domestic violence by a partner, with 12% of women reporting that their GP had approached them about possible domestic violence (Bradley et al., 2002). In addition, a worrying 69% of the women surveyed reported controlling behaviour from their partner, with 28% admitting to feeling afraid of their current partner (Bradley et al., 2002). Most of the women surveyed voiced support for routine enquiry about domestic violence as part of regular check-ups with their GP, suggesting one route for monitoring the presence of domestic violence in the community (Bradley et al., 2002). Elliott et al. (2002) suggested that better GP training in this issue would lead to highe r detection rates and better care for the victims of domestic violence. As Gerbert et al. (2002) suggest, other risk behaviours that were once considered taboo (such as HIV and alcohol and drug abuse) have been tackled, in that medical professionals routinely ask about such matters in consultations. It is thus not acceptable that domestic violence is not addressed in such a manner, given the high prevalence of this and the deleterious effects this can have on the victims and any children who are present in the household (Gerbert et al., 2002). It is suggested that it is a general lack of training that stops medical professionals from enquiring about such violence, and that the lower domestic violence screening rates, compared to the screening rates of other risk behaviours, may reflect the medical professionals beliefs that they do not know how to screen or intervene or their belief that such interventions may not be successful (Gerbert et al., 2002). It is suggested that screening rates can be improved by educating medical professionals as to the many b enefits that identifying domestic violence can bring to the victims (Gerbert et al., 2002). This section of the dissertation analyses the immediate and long-term impacts of domestic violence on children’s health, education, personality, socialising and future relationships. In terms of children’s exposure to domestic violence and maltreatment, Osofsyky (2003) looked at this issue in terms of prevention and intervention, showing that on the basis of available research, there is no doubt that huge numbers of children are being abused as part of the presence of domestic violence in the household, although the effects on children of this abuse, as a result of domestic violence, depends greatly on the child’s individual circumstances, on their additional risk factors and their susceptibility. Herrenkohl et al. (2008) reported similar results, showing a massive overlap in physical child abuse and domestic violence, which was especially prevalent in situations with other stressors, such as adverse socio-economic conditions, for example. Hartley (2002) also looked at this issue, and found that there is a substantial overlap between domestic violence and child maltreatment, finding that adverse socioeconomic factors were more likely to correlate with domestic violence and child neglect than with child abuse per se, although child abuse was present in a shockingly high number of cases, suggesting, as Osofsky (2002), that domestic violence goes hand-in-hand with child maltreatment, either through child neglect as a result of domestic violence or child abuse by the perpetrator of the violence as part and parcel of the domestic violence (Hartley, 2002). Hester and Pearson (1998) looked at domestic violence in the course of their work with abused children, finding that domestic violence was present in 70% of the cases of child abuse they dealt with, showing that the presence of domestic violence is a major factor in child abuse cases. It was suggested, as a result of this, that it might be useful to screen for domestic violence as routine practice, in terms of this being a possible predictor of child abuse, either current, in which case it could be identified and treated, or future, in which case, if the domestic violence is dealt with, might never occur. Gorin (2004) looked at understanding what children say about living with domestic violence, showing that children are often more aware of domestic violence than is realised, although they don’t often understand what is happening, nor why it is happening (Mullender et al., 2002). It was also reported that children worry about their parents more than is recognised, even though most children choose not to talk about this to anyone, and actively try to avoid the problem by distracting themselves physically and emotionally (Gorin, 2004). When asked about why they chose not to share their experiences with others, a fear of not being believed by professionals was the generally reported concern, with the fear that help will not be forthcoming when asked for being another commonly reported concern (Gorin, 2004). In addition, children report not having any idea of where they can go to get help, which stops them asking for help, although the majority of children affected by domestic viol ence reported that they long for someone to talk to about the violence, in terms of having someone to listen to them and to provide comfort and reassurance to them (Gorin, 2004). During the course of the research, it was found that children most asked for information to help them understand what was happening to their parents, and why they weren’t able to stop the violence (Gorin, 2004). In practical terms, this responsibility, of knowing about the violence but not being able to do anything to stop it, and feeling they do not have anywhere to turn to report the violence, can lead to many problems for the children. Children who have experienced domestic violence generally feel they have to be more responsible in the home than othert children, in terms of undertaking more practical tasks around the home, often as a way of trying to avoid the violence by pre-empting arguments, for example (Gorin, 2004). This responsibility, or knowing about the violence but feeling there is nothing that can be done about it, and the responsibility of taking on extra tasks, can lead to children developing sleep problems, being tired, and not paying as much attention as they need at school, leading to problems with their education (Gorin, 2004). Fantuzzo et al. (1997) looked at the effect of domestic violence on children, showing a myriad of adverse effects in children exposed to domestic violence, especially amongst those children who are already exposed to other risk factors such as drug abuse and/or adverse socioeconomic conditions. Fantuzzo and Mohr (1999) continued the work of Fantuzzo et al. (1997), looking at the effects of domestic violence on children, showing that domestic violence has many adverse effects on children, which are modified according to many factors, such as the child’s age, the nature of the violence, the severity of the violence and the existence of other risk factors in the children’s lives (such as poverty and substance abuse, for example), but which are, nonetheless severe. Childhood exposure to domestic violence can lead to aggressive behaviour, to increased emotional problems, such as the onset of depression and anxiety, to lower academic achievement and to lower levels of social skills (see Fantuzzo and Mohr, 1999). Baldry (2003) looked at bullying in schools following exposure to domestic violence, through a cross-sectional study of 1059 Italian school students using a self-report anonymous questionnaire. It was found that those children who had been subjected to domestic violence (i.e., interparental violence) were far more likely to bully whilst at school than those children who had never been subjected to any form of domestic violence, thus showing a direct negative effect of domestic violence on children’s behaviour (Baldry, 2003). Bauer et al. (2006) also looked at the relationship between bullying and intimate partner violence, through a self-report questionnaire of 112 children, and found, similarly to Baldry (2003) that children who had been exposed to intimate partner violence in a home setting were more at risk of developing physical aggression and internalised behaviours than children who had never experienced intimate partner violence in the home setting. Hall and Lynch (1998) looked at the lifelong effects of domestic violence on children, finding that separating the causes of domestic violence from its effects and from other correlated factors, such as poor parenting, poverty, substance abuse, for example, is difficult and that, as such, pinpointing the specific effects of domestic violence on children can be difficult. Hall and Lynch (1998) report, however, that children in violent households are three to nine times more likely to be injured and abused, either directly or in the course of trying to protect their parent. In addition, children from violent households are more likely to suffer a range of emotional and psychological problems, including self-harm, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide, along with stress-related health complaints, such as insomnia and irritable bowel syndrome (Hall and Lynch, 1998). In addition, these behavioural and psychological problems can lead to other problems, such as involvement in violence and/or bullying (as seen, see Baldry, 2003 and Fantuzzo et al., 1997), educational failure and/or dropping out of, or being excluded from, school (Woodward et al., 1998) (Hall and Lynch, 1998). In addition, it has been found that if a mother decides to leave her partner and go in to a shelter for the victims of domestic violence, this can lead to the children feeling isolated from their previous friends and their established social networks, leading to further problems for these children who were already exposed to a high level of stress and emotional and psychological problems (Hall and Lynch, 1998). In addition, it is also known that being exposed to violence in the home can lead to juvenile crime, with many child victims of juvenile crime being the subject of youth criminal sentences (Hall and Lynch, 1998). In addition, the effects of domestic violence on children are long-lasting, with anti-social behaviour at the age of seven being highly correlated with violent behaviour towards partners in later life (Hall and Lynch, 1998), mediated, as has been seen, through the process of social learning theory (Bandura, 1973). Chapter 3: Protecting children from domestic violence This section of the dissertation addresses the issue of protecting children from domestic violence in terms of the child protection issues that need to be taken into consideration. As children suffer many and varied consequences of domestic violence, including direct child abuse by the perpetrator of the violence and indirect consequences of witnessing the violence, such as emotional, psychological and physical ill-health, the child protection issues that need to be taken in to consideration are many and varied. In those cases where child abuse is suspected, the child needs to be protected against this abuse. This could mean removing the child in to care, or working with the mother to encourage the mother to move, with the child, in to a refuge to avoid the domestic violence. The particular option chosen by social workers depends on the risks assessed in the particular situation. In terms of protecting children more generally, in terms of identifying possible negative effects on children from domestic violence, for example, all health professionals should be aware of the effects of domestic violence, and possible symptoms of domestic violence on children, which, if not physical, can be noted in the child’s behaviour. Medical professionals who come in to contact with children should be trained in detecting these signs of domestic violence in children, with adequate screening programmes in place to detect such signs and to enable children to deal with the problems that domestic violence presents to them, in terms of being given the opportunity, in a safe and confidential manner, to talk about what is happening in their household, how they feel about this, what problems this is presenting to them and what needs to be done about the situation. Children are perhaps more likely to want to talk to the school nurse, or to a GP than to any other professionals, as there is some previous relationship established and some form of trust that has already been built up (Hall and Lynch, 1998). It is essential that teaching about domestic violence be mandatory for all professionals involved in multi-agency teams dealing with child protection issues (see Hendry, 1999). This section of the dissertation presents a discussion of the role of the mother and why her socio-economic status and culture is important. Protecting the mother, in terms of protecting the child, is then discussed, in terms of whether, for example, it is best for children to live with both parents, even when there is domestic violence occurring. It has been found that there is a substantial overlap between domestic violence and child maltreatment (see Hartley, 2002), in that adverse socioeconomic factors are more likely to correlate with domestic violence and child neglect (including child abuse). Walby and Allen (2004) also found that those women who lived in a household earning less than  £10,000 were three and a half more times likely to be the subject of domestic violence than a women in a household earning more than  £20,000, although it was admitted that the correlations between domestic violence and poverty are unclear. For example, poverty could be the cause of domestic violence, or could be the outcome of domestic violence, in that women who have fled domestic violence often end up living on low income (Walby and Allen, 2004). Thus, whilst there are some correlations as to the socioeconomic status of the mother and the probability of being the subject of domestic violence, the links have not been researched fully and, as such, no causal relationships can be found. What is clear, however, is that where there is poverty, or perceived financial problems, there is more likely to be domestic violence, and that where there is domestic violence, there is likely to be some form of child neglect or child abuse also going on. Mothers, therefore, have a responsibility, within the framework of them being victims themselves, to their children, in terms of protecting them, as far as possible, from the violence. This is itself a complicated issue, however, as many women have nowhere to flee to when they leave a violent partner, meaning the women often end up in temporary refuges or low-standard rented accommodation, often outside of the area where their children go to school, often leading to further psychological problems for their children, who then feel isolated from their friends and support networks, which can lead to further emotional and psychological problems for these children (Gorin, 2004; Hall and Lynch, 1998). It is reported that the mother often stays in the household and subjects herself to domestic violence because of fear of what leaving the household would do to their children (see Nicolson et al., 2006). Hazen et al. (2006) looked at female care-givers experiences of domestic violence and behaviour problems in their children, finding that serious problems are faced by children when the mother is subjected to domestic violence, and that these children need to be helped as far as possible in terms of addressing the problems that these children face. If the mother decides not to leave the abusive partner, therefore, the mother has a responsibility to her child(ren) that she will ensure that they are treated as far as possible for these problems. Again, however, this is complicated by the fact that mothers often want to hide the fact that they are being abused from their children, and, as such, do not discuss this with their children. This is a fallacy, however, as shown by Gorin (2004), as children are often far more aware of what is happening than they are given credit for, and the untreated consequences of the domestic violence can lead to major future health and behaviour problems fo r children (see, for example, Hall and Lynch, 1998). The problems facing mothers who are the victims of domestic violence are many and varied. They are the subject of abuse themselves, which can leave them feeling ashamed and not willing to discuss this with anyone, not even their children. Their children, aware of what is going on, but unable to talk to their mothers then begin to develop problems, which – if the mother even recognises these problems are then not treated, as they are viewed, by the mother, as part and parcel of the same humiliating violence they are subject to. The effects of the violence are thus perpetrated, often with severe long-term consequences (Hall and Lynch, 1998). It will be argued, however, that is the responsibility of the mother to protect her child, as the child’s care-giver, against domestic violence and against the effects of domestic violence. However, this is not as straight-forward as it seems, for, in addition to the humiliation that women feel when being abused, there are also financial concerns about how the mother would support her child(ren) if she left the violent partner. Many women victims of domestic violence argue that subjecting their children to poverty is worse than having them witness domestic violence (Gorin, 2004) and so they stay with the partner who is violent towards them, subjecting their children to the range of emotional, psychological and physical health problems already discussed (see, for example, Hall and Lynch, 1998). Thus, the responsibility of a mother to protect her child(ren) against domestic violence and against the effects of domestic violence is a complicated issue. If there is child abuse present, it is obviously the mother’s responsibility to involve the police, and to ensure that the perpetrator is brought to justice, although, as has been seen, this is not as easy as it sounds, as women often have difficulty in approaching the police, witnessed by the low reporting rates of serious instances of criminal domestic violence to the police reported in Walby and Allen (2004). If, however, as has been seen, the violence is mainly directed against the mother, and the mother feels it is better for the sake of the children, on balance, to stay in the violent household, whilst the violence is only directed towards her, then that is the mother’s decision, as a balance between the effects of the domestic violence on the children and the potential effects of moving to a new place and living in worse conditions than their current conditions, and the further emotional and psychological problems this would present to the child(ren). If the mother makes the decision to stay with the violent partner as this is, on balance, the best option out of two possible sub-optimal options, then, in these situations, where the violence is not thought to be serious enough, by the victim, to warrant reporting or to warrant leaving the partner, even though the child(ren) is/are being affected by domestic violence, the question then becomes how to protect the mother, in order to ensure the best protection of the child. This question will be elaborated on in the next sections of the dissertation. Chapter 5: The multi-agency approach to child protection This section provides an analysis of the multi-agency approach to child protection, examining its advantages and disadvantages. The available services for children living with domestic violence are also discussed, as are the policy and legislation against domestic violence and pro child protection in the UK. Through this, the dissertation moves on to analyse the intervention strategies that are available to protect children, in terms of the extent to which prevention is possible and how. As shown by Mirrlees-Black (1999), only about half of the victims of domestic violence told someone about the violence, most likely to be a friend or relative, with the police being notified of an attack in only about 12% of the violent episodes reported in the survey. Medical staff were the next likely to hear about the domestic violence, in about 10% of the violent episodes reported, and were reported to have been more likely to offer help and advice than the police (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Overall, Mirrlees-Black, (1999) found it more likely that the victims of serious attacks (i.e., those regarded as a crime) would report these attacks to the police, with those women who felt responsible in some way for the attack being less likely to report the attack, even if the attack was criminal in manifestation (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). There is, thus, a massive problem with reporting domestic violence, something that